N1 Conditions, Dependencies, and Consequences
~ことなしに: meaning, usage and examples
~ことなしに means: without... / without doing...
How to form it
<Verb dictionary> + ことなしに / ことなしには
Examples
十分な準備をすることなしに、成功は望めない。
You can't hope for success without preparing adequately.
彼は一言も謝ることなしに、部屋を出て行った。
He left the room without apologizing even once.
失敗を経験することなしに、本当の成長はない。
There is no real growth without experiencing failure.
相手の話を聞くことなしに、問題は解決しない。
The problem will not be solved without listening to the other side.
When to use it
Means "without doing A." Mostly used to say that B cannot happen unless A is done: 努力することなしに、成功はない (there is no success without effort). It can also simply describe doing something without A: 一度も休むことなしに (without resting once). Found in essays, editorials and speeches.
Nuance
Written and formal. The most common use is with a negative or impossible main clause (できない, あり得ない, 望めない). For a neutral "without doing" in a story, ことなく is more common. Too stiff for casual conversation.
Compare
ことなく is the neutral written "without": 休むことなく働いた. ないで / ずに are the everyday forms: 朝ご飯を食べないで出かけた. なくしては attaches to nouns: 努力なくしては. ことなしに is the verb version of the same "essential" idea.
Tip: Pair it with a negative ending (〜ない, 〜は望めない). That use is the safest and is what the test usually checks.
More in Conditions, Dependencies, and Consequences
- ~いかんだ / ~いかんでは / ~いかんによっては: depending on... / based on...
- ~いかんにかかわらず / ~いかんによらず / ~いかんを問わず: regardless of... / irrespective of...
- ~なくしては: without... / if it weren't for...
- ~とあれば: if... / if it's the case that...
- ~ばそれまでだ / ~たらそれまでだ: if... then it's all over / if... that's the end of it
- ~たが最後 / ~たら最後: once... / if... (a negative result is certain)
- ~ようによっては / ~ようでは: depending on how... / if...
- ~か否か: whether or not
- ~たところで: even if... / even though...
- ~たら~たで: if... then... (new problems arise)
- ~たら~ところだ: if... then... would have happened (hypothetical consequence)
Frequently asked questions
What does ~ことなしに mean?
Without... / without doing.... Example: 十分な準備をすることなしに、成功は望めない。 (You can't hope for success without preparing adequately.)
How do you form ~ことなしに?
<Verb dictionary> + ことなしに / ことなしには. Pair it with a negative ending (〜ない, 〜は望めない). That use is the safest and is what the test usually checks.