N1 Contrast and Concession
~であれ / ~であろうと: meaning, usage and examples
~であれ / ~であろうと means: whether... or... / whatever... / even if...
How to form it
<Noun> + であれ / <Noun> + であろうと / <Noun> + であれ + <Noun> + であれ
Examples
どんな理由であれ、約束を破るのはよくない。
Whatever the reason, it's not good to break a promise.
相手が誰であろうと、自分の意見ははっきり言うべきだ。
No matter who the other person is, you should state your opinion clearly.
晴れであれ雨であれ、祭りは予定どおり行われる。
Rain or shine, the festival will go ahead as planned.
たとえ小さなミスであろうと、お客様には必ず報告してください。
Even if it is a small mistake, be sure to report it to the customer.
When to use it
Means "whatever X may be" or "whether X or Y." The speaker says the conclusion is the same regardless of the case. It often follows question words: どんな理由であれ (whatever the reason), 誰であろうと (whoever it is). Doubled, it lists cases: 晴れであれ雨であれ (rain or shine).
Nuance
Formal and written, used in speeches, rules and opinion pieces. The second half states a firm judgment, duty or unchanging fact (〜べきだ, 〜なければならない, 〜は変わらない). であろうと is slightly more emphatic than であれ. Both mostly follow nouns.
Compare
Compare ようが / ようと, which attach to verbs and adjectives: 何を言おうと. であれ / であろうと attach to nouns: 誰であれ. Compare にしても / にせよ: 冗談にしても言いすぎだ is less formal. Everyday Japanese uses でも: 誰でも.
Tip: Use であれ when the slot is a noun, ようと when it is a verb. どんな / 誰 / 何 before であれ is the most common test form.
Related points
Similar meaning, often confused
More in Contrast and Concession
- ~といえども: even... / even if... / although...
- ~とはいえ: although... / nonetheless... / be that as it may...
- ~ようが / ~ようと: no matter... / even if...
- ~ものを: even though... (expresses regret or dissatisfaction)
- ~ところを: although... / when... (polite interruption or finding)
- ~とて: even... / although... (formal)
- ~としたことが: for someone (like me)... / (un)characteristic of...
- ~ともあろうものが: for someone (important) like... to do such a thing
- ~ないまでも: even if not... / even if one doesn't go as far as...
- ~にしたところで / ~にしたって: even for... / even if...
Frequently asked questions
What does ~であれ / ~であろうと mean?
Whether... or... / whatever... / even if.... Example: どんな理由であれ、約束を破るのはよくない。 (Whatever the reason, it's not good to break a promise.)
How do you form ~であれ / ~であろうと?
<Noun> + であれ / <Noun> + であろうと / <Noun> + であれ + <Noun> + であれ. Use であれ when the slot is a noun, ようと when it is a verb. どんな / 誰 / 何 before であれ is the most common test form.